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Algorithms

The Underlying Logic of Language Models - Ryan Cotterell (ETH Zurich, Switzerland)

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Dates
2025-07-16 10:00 - 11:30
Venue
101, AUEB Troias Building (2 Troias Str., Troias wing, 1st floor) and virtually via Microsoft Teams (meeting information shown below)

 

Title: The Underlying Logic of Language Models

Speaker:Prof. Ryan Cotterell (ETH Zurich, Switzerland)

Abstract: The formal basis of the theory of computation lies in the study of languages, subsets of Σ*, the set of all strings over an alphabet Σ. Models of computation can be taxonomized into the languages they can decide on, i.e., which languages a model can be used to determine membership of. For instance, finite-state automata can decide membership in the regular languages. Language models are probabilistic generalizations of language where the notion of a set is relaxed into one of a probability distribution over Σ*. Recently, language models parameterized using recurrent neural networks, transformers, and state-space models have achieved enormous success in natural language processing. Similarly to how theorists have taxonomized models of deterministic computation, researchers have been made to taxonomize the expressivity of language models based on various architectures in terms of the distributions over strings they can represent. This tutorial presents a self-contained overview of the formal methods used to taxonomize the expressivity of language models, which encompass formal language and automata theory, various forms of formal logic, circuit complexity, and programming languages such as RASP. For example, we illustrate how transformers, under varying assumptions, can be characterized by different fragments of formal logic.

ryan
Short Biography: Ryan has been an assistant professor of computer science at ETH Zürich since 2020. Previously, he was a lecturer at the University of Cambridge. His PhD is from Johns Hopkins University, where he was advised by Jason Eisner. His research interests include natural language processing, computational linguistics, and machine learning. He has publishes at natural language processing venues (ACL, NAACL, EMNLP) venues as well as machine learning venues (NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR). We has additionally won various paper awards, including the overall best paper at ACL 2017.

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Vision

To position Greece as a leading player in AI and Data Science

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Mission

To build an AI Excellence Hub in Greece where the international research community can connect, groundbreaking ideas can thrive, and the next generation of scientists emerges, shaping a brighter future for Greece and the world

 

Welcome to ARCHIMEDES, a vibrant research hub connecting the global AI and Data Science research community fostering groundbreaking research in Greece and beyond. Its dedicated core team, comprising lead researchers, affiliated researchers, Post-Docs, PhDs and interns, is committed to advancing basic and applied research in Artificial Intelligence and its supporting disciplines, including Algorithms, Statistics, Learning Theory, and Game Theory organized around 8 core research areas. By collaborating with Greek and Foreign Universities and Research Institutes, ARCHIMEDES disseminates its research findings fostering knowledge exchange and providing enriching opportunities for students. Leveraging AI to address real-world challenges, ARCHIMEDES promotes innovation within the Greek ecosystem and extends its societal impact. Established in January 2022, as a research unit of the Athena Research Center with support from the Committee Greece 2021, ARCHIMEDES is funded for its first four years by the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF).

 
 

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Archimedes Academic Fellow and a third-year PhD student at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in Greece, Andreas Lolos recently travelled to Tucson in Arizona, USA, and presented the paper "SGPMIL: Sparse Gaussian Process Multiple Instance Learning" at the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV 2026).

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The project “ARCHIMEDES Unit: Research in Artificial Intelligence, Data Science and Algorithms” with code OPS 5154714 is implemented by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan “Greece 2.0” and is funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU.

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